Work Won’t Be The Same After the Pandemic
UW researchers examine the state of work in Wisconsin with annual report.
More jobs, but not a full recovery. Better wages, but fewer unions — and, as a consequence, weaker protections for workers. And gaping inequalities by race and ethnicity.
That’s the picture painted in the 2021 edition of the State of Working Wisconsin, an annual assessment that COWS, a University of Wisconsin research and policy center, has been producing for more than two decades.
It is also the second report conducted during the coronavirus pandemic, and COVID-19’s shadow continues to hover over the economy and the lives of typical workers — those who had to keep working over the last two years, and those whose work lives were turned upside down as the virus surged, ebbed and now is surging again.
“But ‘normal’ for low-wage workers has long been unsustainable, leaving too many families struggling to get by,” she writes. “Adding jobs is important, but ensuring strong job quality and supports for low-wage workers is equally important.”
The report examines the state’s job numbers, the role of unions and wage trends, and it includes the voices of workers who exemplify its findings.
It recommends a makeover for service sector jobs that includes higher wages, more predictable schedules, and better benefits. It also urges the adoption of stronger public health practices, accessible health insurance and affordable, high-quality child care with well-paid providers.
“These are the directions that could help solve problems so consistently documented in the State of Working Wisconsin,” the report states.
Jobs
The state lost more than 400,000 jobs early in the pandemic. Since then, Wisconsin employment has been recovering, but in July there were still 114,000 fewer jobs in than in February 2020, the last month before the pandemic took hold. Restaurants, bars, hotels and related businesses in the leisure and hospitality industry lost half of their jobs in the first month of the pandemic; the sector still had 49,600 fewer jobs in July 2021 than in February 2020.
“There has been a massive restructuring of work in the leisure and hospitality industry,” Dresser says. Employment in the sector has been growing again, but it remains nearly 20% below the last pre-pandemic numbers in February 2020. “You can see that when you drive by closed-down restaurants.”
Access to affordable child care — where employers have also been struggling to fill positions — is a further barrier for many potential job-seekers. Faced with all of those obstacles, Dresser says, “there are workers for whom the answer is, ‘I’m not ready to go back to work.’”
Those trends exacerbate Wisconsin’s longer-running demographic shift as the workforce ages and older workers leave with fewer younger workers to replace them, she observes.
Another potential factor — one not easily measured — might be a more positive development. Dresser says nationally there are fewer people who report that they are working part time but would rather be working full time. With the widespread demand for labor, “workers are in a better position to get more hours in their jobs,” she says.
Troy, one of the workers interviewed for the report, lost three part-time food service jobs in Milwaukee a year ago, but has since been rehired at one venue with additional hours. “Because of COVID-19, we were understaffed and spread thin,” he told a COWS interviewer. “It’s still not back to the way it was, but it’s a start.”
Unions
Union representation in Wisconsin now remains markedly lower than it used to be. While 10.9% of U.S. workers were represented by a union in 2020, just 8.8% of workers in Wisconsin were — down from about 13.5% a decade ago, when it exceeded the national average.
Two changes in state policy — Act 10, which largely eliminated collective bargaining and union rights for state and local public employees in 2011, and the so-called Right to Work law enacted in 2015 that weakens private-sector unions — are directly responsible for that shift, the report states.
The weakening of unions has produced a demonstrable disadvantage for Wisconsin workers and for the state’s economy, in the report’s assessment, because of the role that unions have played to raise wages and “to secure strong protections and supports for all workers in a global pandemic.” Despite the decline in union membership, the report adds, “unions continue to support workers, improve wages in worksites and often in entire sectors, and support policy that helps workers, families, and communities thrive.”
Wages
A brighter spot for Wisconsin workers in the last couple of years has been wages, but that story is mixed. Nationally, wages have risen 17% over the last four decades — far short of the 70% increase in productivity over the same period, according to calculations by the Economic Policy Institute. From 2018 to 2020, however, the median Wisconsin wage rose by $1.50, to $20.24 per hour.
That was the best year-to-year growth in the last decade, according to figures included in the report, bringing wages above their previous peak before they collapsed following the Great Recession in 2008.
The upward trend started before the pandemic, Dresser says, as a handful of national employers began raising their wages to $15 an hour. It continued and spread, boosted by the pandemic.
“With the unsustainability of low-wage service work, and the ability of workers to turn low-wage, low-hour jobs into better jobs, in 2021 we’re likely to see wages go up again,” Dresser says.
Yet even as wages are rising, “the inequality is still stark,” she says. It’s also most visible by race and ethnicity — compared with four decades ago, when the divide was most pronounced by gender
Measured in the value of current dollars, the median hourly wage in Wisconsin in 1979 ranged from $18 for Hispanic men to $20 for Black men and $23 for white men.
That same year, it was $11 for Hispanic women, a little more than $13 for white women and almost $15 for Black women.
(Dresser says that in the 1970s, it wasn’t unusual for Black women to have higher rates of paid work than white women, giving them longer experience and lifting their wages. White women with college degrees often stayed out of the labor market in that decade, while Black women with degrees were much more likely to work. But she also notes by 1981, the median wage for Black women was no longer higher than what white women were being paid.)
By 2020, median wages had fallen for men and risen for women. The median hourly wage for white men fell slightly, to just under $23; for white women it soared, to $19.
Over those four decades, median wages also rose for Black and Hispanic women while they fell for Black and Hispanic men, the report finds. Dresser says that reflects in part the 1980s restructuring of manufacturing, which “disproportionately hit the Black community.”
But for both groups, regardless of gender, the 2020 median wages clustered several dollars below the median wage for white men and women: $16 for Black men, $17.50 for Hispanic men, $16.60 for Black women and just over $16 for Hispanic women.
Murky future
Looking ahead, the report finds both some hope as well as reasons to be wary.
“There are now reasons for optimism about the trajectory of the economy,” the report states, including the addition of 13,000 jobs in June, widely available vaccines and federal support programs instituted in the pandemic. But the coronavirus delta variant has brought a new increase in cases, while some of those support programs, including expanded unemployment pay and a moratorium on evictions, have ended or will soon.
“For working Wisconsin,” the report states, “there’s no crystal ball about where we’ll be in a few months.”
Report: For working Wisconsin, ‘new normal’ must mean big changes was originally published by the Wisconsin Examiner.
Our efforts to eliminate racial and gender differences in wages is laudable, but this statement bothers me:
“Nationally, wages have risen 17% over the last four decades — far short of the 70% increase in productivity over the same period, according to calculations by the Economic Policy Institute.
The problem with this statement is that it treats us as if we were isolated from the larger world economy. Our living standard is much higher than in other nations, but as these nations become more competitive the only way we can maintain our higher living standard is to increase our productivity. If our productivity had not risen by 70%, our wages and our lifestyle would have significantly declined.
So why don’t we isolate ourselves? Think about all the inexpensive products we buy from other nations. Or, think of all the inexpensive components in our expensive products that come from other nations. We could isolate ourselves, but the things we buy would be much more expensive. Also, if we were isolated, our competitors would then be free to buy the low cost things which we no longer buy.
@ sbaldwin001 – Raising the standard of living in America is easy.
#1 – The #1 cause of bankruptcy in America is medical bills. Eliminate vulture insurance companies from our health care system and medical costs will drop 90%. Save $10 trillion every year.
#2 – America has 120,000 troops stationed in Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Bring them home. Save $2 trillion every year.
#3 – America drops bombs on millions of women and children in Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, and Yemen. Stop it. Save $2 trillion.
#4 – We overthrew the governments of Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Haiti, Ukraine, Honduras, Brazil, Bolivia, and Columbia… then we installed right wing military puppet leaders. Now we send trillions of dollars to support those right wing puppet governments. Vote for people that promote peace instead of war mongering Democrats and Republicans.
#5 – Israel has a higher standard of living than America yet we give them over $100 billion every year. It should be the other way around. Israel should be giving money to America.